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Contemporary research has both built upon and revised the findings of the Cannon-Washburn experiment, leading to a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of hunger and appetite regulation. Modern studies recognize hunger as a complex interplay of multiple factors, far beyond the simple stomach contractions observed in the original experiment.
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.
An ecological study is an observational study that studies risk-modifying factors on health outcomes of populations based on their geographical and/or temporal ecological state. Ecological studies are useful in studying patterns of disease in large populations however may not accurately reflect true associations between individuals within those ...
The study started with 320 probands, 164 men and 139 women, born in 1890, 1905, or 1920, and their 1,818 children and grandchildren. 44 were still alive in 1995 when mortality follow-up stopped and other issues (eg. missing birthyear, cause of death unknown) reduced the final analysis to 239 probands. Between 7-22% of these were further removed ...
A new report that analyzes research on fluoride and IQ scores finds that the more fluoride a child is exposed to, the lower he or she tends to score on intelligence tests. The findings' relevance ...
Poverty is the chief cause of the endemic amounts of disease and hunger and malnutrition among this population. [30] A disproportionate number of cases of the AIDS epidemic in North America are from American minorities, with 72% of women's AIDS cases among Hispanic or African-American women. [18]
Sample size determination is a crucial aspect of research methodology that plays a significant role in ensuring the reliability and validity of study findings. In order to influence the accuracy of estimates, the power of statistical tests, and the general robustness of the research findings, it entails carefully choosing the number of ...