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The essential characteristic of a mixer is that it produces a component in its output which is the product of the two input signals. Both active and passive circuits can realize mixers. Passive mixers use one or more diodes and rely on their nonlinear current–voltage relationship to provide the multiplying element. In a passive mixer, the ...
Additive mixers add two or more signals, giving out a composite signal that contains the frequency components of each of the source signals.The simplest additive mixers are resistor networks, and thus purely passive, while more complex matrix mixers employ active components such as buffer amplifiers for impedance matching and better isolation.
An example CMOS digital phase frequency detector. Inputs are R and V while the outputs U p and D n feed to a charge pump. A phase detector suitable for square wave signals can be made from an exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gate. When the two signals being compared are completely in-phase, the XOR gate's output will have a constant level of zero.
As a mixer, its balanced operation cancels out many unwanted mixing products, resulting in a "cleaner" output. It is a generalized case of an early circuit first used by Howard Jones in 1963, [ 2 ] invented independently and greatly augmented by Barrie Gilbert in 1967. [ 3 ]
Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (CVSL) refers to a CMOS-type logic family which is designed for certain advantages. It requires mainly N-channel MOSFET transistors to implement the logic using true and complementary input signals, and also needs two P-channel transistors at the top to pull one of the outputs high.
CMOS inverter (a NOT logic gate). Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", / s iː m ɑː s /, /-ɒ s /) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. [1]
The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy. However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity .
However, analog and digital components have very different power needs and consumption characteristics, which makes this a non-trivial goal in chip design. Mixed-signal functionality involves both traditional active elements (like transistors) and well-performing passive elements (like coils, capacitors, and resistors) on the same chip. This ...
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