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This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing of oral languages [nb 1] in English.. The list provides conventional glosses as established by standard inventories of glossing abbreviations such as the Leipzig Glossing rules, [2] the most widely known standard.
HTML Form format HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5; HTML 2.0 since 1.2 Forms Data Format (FDF) based on PDF, uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much simpler than PDF since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object. Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2).
In no case should the resulting font size of any text drop below 85% of the page's default font size. The HTML <small>...</small> tag has a semantic meaning of fine print or side comments; [2] do not use it for stylistic changes. For use of small text for authority names with binomials, see § Scientific names.
[a] The predicate must contain a verb, and the verb requires or permits other elements to complete the predicate, or else precludes them from doing so. These elements are objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicatives, and adjuncts: She dances. — Verb-only predicate. Ben reads the book. — Verb-plus-direct-object predicate.
The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root (i.e. the verb). Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are the following: Recursive categorical syntax, or algebraic syntax; Functional generative description; Meaning–text ...
Besides animacy and definiteness, another property that triggers differential object marking in some languages is the way the action of a verb affects the direct object. [5] Some languages mark for only one of these properties (e.g., animacy), while others' markings reflect combinations of them.
Several other verbs which can and do use these particles are: eiti (to go by foot), nešti (to carry), skristi (to fly), vairuoti (to pilot, to drive), etc. Nonetheless, the meanings of these directional particles have widened over time to the point that they bring a different shade of meaning but related to the concept they originally stood for.
The definition of a direct–inverse language is a matter under research in linguistic typology, but it is widely understood to involve different grammar for transitive predications according to the relative positions of their "subject" and their "object" on a person hierarchy, which, in turn, is some combination of saliency and animacy specific to a given language.