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An arterial blood gas (ABG) test, or arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the radial artery with a syringe and a thin needle , [ 1 ] but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or another site is used.
A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values, it also measures blood pH, and the level and base excess of bicarbonate.The source of the blood is reflected in the name of each test; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood gases come from capillaries. [1]
Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood. [1] There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension. [ 2 ] The most common gas tensions measured are oxygen tension (P x O 2 ), carbon dioxide tension (P x CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide tension (P x CO). [ 3 ]
Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 96–100 percent. [1] If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia . [ 2 ] Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed.
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring blood oxygen saturation. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2) readings are typically within 2% accuracy (within 4% accuracy in 95% of cases) of the more accurate (and invasive) reading of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2) from arterial blood gas analysis.
Finger tip carboxyhemoglobin saturation monitor.. A CO-oximeter is a device that measures the oxygen carrying state of hemoglobin in a blood specimen, including oxygen-carrying hemoglobin (O2Hb), non-oxygen-carrying but normal hemoglobin (HHb) (formerly, but incorrectly, referred to as 'reduced' hemoglobin), as well as the dyshemoglobins such as carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb).
This helps to determine the degree of any problems with how the lungs transfer oxygen to the blood. [5] A sample of arterial blood is collected for this test. [6] With a normal P a O 2 of 60–100 mmHg and an oxygen content of F I O 2 of 0.21 of room air, a normal P a O 2 /F I O 2 ratio ranges between 300 and 500 mmHg.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). [6] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues. [6]