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Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed ( activated ) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area [ 1 ] [ 2 ] available for adsorption or chemical reactions . [ 3 ] (
Typically in drinking water treatment; granular activated carbon or sand filters are used to prevent re-growth of microorganisms in water distribution pipes by reducing levels of iron and nitrate that act as a microbial nutrient.
Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activated carbon [1] [2] is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment system. [3] The carbon in the biological treatment process adsorbs recalcitrant compounds that are not readily biodegradable, thereby reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater and removing toxins. [4]
Each carbon filter is typically given a micron rating that specifies the size of particle which the filter can remove from a fluid. Typical particle sizes which can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50 μm. The efficacy of a carbon filter depends not only on its particle size, but also on the rate of flow of fluid through the filter.
Activated carbon is often landfilled at the end of its useful life but sometimes it is possible to regenerate it restoring its adsorptive capacity allowing it to be re-used. Thermal regeneration is the most prolific regeneration technique but has drawbacks in terms of high energy and commercial costs and a significant carbon footprint . [ 3 ]
Nutrient composition, particularly the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, is a strong contributor to complete denitrification, [23] with a 2:1 ratio of C:N being able to facilitate full nitrate reduction regardless of temperature or carbon source. [24]
Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in a single reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in anoxic mode. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on design specified by manufacturer. [28] Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge
Nitrous oxide is a 200-300 times more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, accounting for 5% of the global green house gas effect. [10] [7] During the reduction of nitrate in wastewater treatment, nitrous oxide is only released in the absence of appropriate oxygen regulation. [10]
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