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Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). The main cause of the war was political tensions relating to Caesar's place in the republic on his expected return to Rome on the expiration of his governorship in Gaul.
Gaius Julius Caesar [a] (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC.
Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) between Julius Caesar and the Optimates initially led by Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) – Caesarian victory. 49 BC, June – Battle of Ilerda – Caesar's army surround Pompeian forces and cause them to surrender.
Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), or Bellum Civile, is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. It consists of three books covering the events of 49–48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt.
Caesar remarked on that decision saying, "[Pompey's forces] would have won today, if only they were commanded by a winner". [18] In the aftermath, Titus Labienus, a trusted lieutenant of Caesar's during the Gallic wars who had deserted to Pompey at the start of the civil war, had the Caesarian prisoners executed before the enemy lines. [18]
During the Civil War, Caesar pursued his rivals to Greece, where he engaged in a series of decisive confrontations, and solidified Roman control over the Eastern Mediterranean. These battles, notably the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, marked significant turning points in the conflict, ultimately leading to Caesar's triumph over the forces of ...
When Caesar chose civil war, Cato's demeanour shifted and he quickly started to push for a negotiated settlement. [192] When news of Caesar's rapid advance south reached Rome, Pompey made the decision to flee Italy for the eastern provinces and to use the fleet to contain Caesar to Italy before retaking the peninsula. [193]
The civil war ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator for life (dictator perpetuo). Caesar had been appointed to a governorship over a region that ranged from southern Gaul to Illyricum . As his term of governorship ended, the Senate ordered him to disband his army and return to Rome.