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It is widely used in industrial engineering to calculate the capital and operating costs of a plant. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The factors were introduced by H. J. Lang and Dr Micheal Bird in Chemical Engineering magazine in 1947 as a method for estimating the total installation cost for plants and equipment.
An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used to protect closed water heating systems and domestic hot water systems from excessive pressure. The tank is partially filled with air, whose compressibility cushions shock caused by water hammer [ citation needed ] and absorbs excess water pressure caused by thermal expansion .
A schematic diagram of a demethanizer extracting hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas. Raw natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH 4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule, along with various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as ethane (C 2 H 6), propane (C 3 H 8), normal butane (n-C 4 H 10), isobutane (i-C 4 H 10), pentanes and even higher-molecular-mass hydrocarbons.
An external floating roof tank is a storage tank commonly used to store large quantities of petroleum products such as crude oil or condensate. It consists of an open- topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. The roof rises and falls with the liquid level in the tank. [1]
A Horton sphere (sometimes spelled Hortonsphere), also referred to as a spherical tank or simply sphere, is a spherical pressure vessel, which is used for industrial-scale storage of liquefied gases. Example of materials that can be stored in Horton spheres are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and anhydrous ammonia .
The main disadvantage of these systems other than their high initial costs (equipment and installation) is the required yearly maintenance. In order to provide on-demand, continuous hot water, tankless units use heat exchangers with many small passageways consisting of parallel plates or tubes.
When recycling water from a bath (100–150 litres) or shower (50–80 litres) the waste water temperature is circa 20–25 °C. An in-house greywater recycling tank holds 150–175 litres allowing for the majority of waste water to be stored. Utilizing a built in copper heat exchange with circulation pump the residual heat is recovered and ...
At $1 per therm, the cost of the gas would be about 40 cents. In comparison, a typical 230 L (60 US gal) tank electric water heater has a 4.5 kW (15,000 BTU/h) heating element, which at 100% efficient results in a heating time of about 2.34 hours. At $0.16/kWh the electricity would cost $1.68.