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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration are used to measure in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents. They are good indicators of antimicrobial potency, but don't give any information relating to time-dependent antimicrobial killing (the so-called post antibiotic effect).
"DNA synthesis in multiple myeloma cells following cell cycle-nonspecific chemotherapy". Cancer Res. 34 (11): 2911– 4. PMID 4424360. Ozawa S, Sugiyama Y, Mitsuhashi Y, Kobayashi T, Inaba M (1988). "Cell killing action of cell cycle phase-non-specific antitumor agents is dependent on concentration--time product". Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.
The rest of the characterized pumps use proton motive force. The increased use in antibiotics has resulted in a concomitant increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria. Pathogenic bacterial and fungal species have developed MDR pumps which efflux out many antibiotics and antifugals, increasing the concentration needed for their effect.
The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial agent required to kill a particular bacterium. [1] It can be determined from broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests by subculturing to agar plates that do not contain the test agent.
[14] [15] In contrast to many conventional antibiotics these peptides appear to be bactericidal [2] instead of bacteriostatic. In general the antimicrobial activity of these peptides is determined by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), which is the lowest concentration of drug that inhibits bacterial growth. [16]
Half maximal effective concentration (EC 50) is a measure of the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a biological response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. [1] More simply, EC 50 can be defined as the concentration required to obtain a 50% [...] effect [2] and may be also written ...
The pumps remove drugs from tumor cells which lead to low drug concentration in the target, below therapeutic level. Efflux is caused by P-glycoprotein called also the multidrug transporter. This protein is a product of multidrug resistance gene MDR1 and a member of family of ATP-dependent transporters (ATP-binding cassette).
Enrofloxacin, sold under the brand name Baytril, among others, is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of animals. [1] It is a bactericidal agent. [1]The bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure.