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A presupposition trigger is a lexical item or linguistic construction which is responsible for the presupposition, and thus "triggers" it. [4] The following is a selection of presuppositional triggers following Stephen C. Levinson 's classic textbook on Pragmatics , which in turn draws on a list produced by Lauri Karttunen .
Entailments arise from the semantics of linguistic expressions. [2] Entailment contrasts with the pragmatic notion of implicature. While implicatures are fallible inferences, entailments are enforced by lexical meanings plus the laws of logic. [3] Entailments also differ from presuppositions, whose truth is taken for granted.
In pragmatics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, an implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed. Implicatures can aid in communicating more efficiently than by explicitly saying everything we want to communicate. [ 1 ]
The meaning of the sentence depends on an understanding of the context and the speaker's intent. As defined in linguistics, a sentence is an abstract entity: a string of words divorced from non-linguistic context, as opposed to an utterance, which is a concrete example of a speech act in a specific context. The more closely conscious subjects ...
In pragmatics, scalar implicature, or quantity implicature, [1] is an implicature that attributes an implicit meaning beyond the explicit or literal meaning of an utterance, and which suggests that the utterer had a reason for not using a more informative or stronger term on the same scale. The choice of the weaker characterization suggests ...
She is an Emeritus Professor at the Department of Linguistics of Ohio State University. Her work in the areas of pragmatics and formal semantics explores how meaning is conveyed through anaphora , definiteness , and specificity of referring expressions, the modeling of presupposition and implicature, and methods for capturing modality, mood ...
In the linguistic field of pragmatics, an inference is said to be defeasible or cancellable if it can be made to disappear by the addition of another statement, or an appropriate context. For example, sentence [i] would normally implicate [ii] by scalar implicature: i: Alice has three children. ii: Alice has exactly three children.
If speaker and addressee know that Susan is a sore loser, an implicature of (5) could be (7) Susan needs to be cheered up. The distinction between explicature and implicature is not always clear-cut. For example, the inference (8) He drank a bottle of vodka and fell into a stupor. → He drank a bottle of vodka and consequently fell into a stupor.