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Close monitoring by the anesthesia provider will sometimes be provided, to help keep the patient comfortable during a medical procedure, along with other drugs to help relax the body. It can also help control breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm, when needed. [1] There are four levels of sedation by anesthesia.
Monitors are also useful for PSA safety. These include cardiac monitoring such as electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, blood pressure cuff, and an end tidal carbon dioxide monitor. [4] [9] Deep sedation resulting in respiratory depression can cause some quantitative changes to these monitors, hence why it is important to monitor them. One of the ...
Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A-adrenergic receptor agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug withdrawal (e.g., alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
Side effects can include a decrease in efforts to breathe, low blood pressure, and sleepiness. [12] Tolerance to its effects and withdrawal syndrome may occur following long-term use. [16] Paradoxical effects, such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. [16]
This helps determine the sedation technique most appropriate for a positive outcome for each individual. [4] The examination takes into account the patient's general appearance, skin colour, pulse, blood pressure, and respiration rates. [4] Only patients in ASA classes I and II are normally suitable for sedation in the primary care dental setting.
It is used for conscious sedation [7] [8] and as a part of a rapid sequence induction to induce anaesthesia. [9] [10] It is used as an anaesthetic agent since it has a rapid onset of action and a safe cardiovascular risk profile, and therefore is less likely to cause a significant drop in blood pressure than other induction agents.
Diuretics, which lower blood pressure directly by causing the kidney to produce more urine. Beta-blockers, which slow down the heart and reduce the force of its contractions.
Epidural anesthesia does not typically affect muscle control. Because central neuraxial blockade causes arterial and venous vasodilation, a drop in blood pressure is common. This drop is largely dictated by the venous side of the circulatory system which holds 75% of the circulating blood volume.
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