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The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created at the end of the Roman republic for Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on [ 1 ] 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in ...
Crassus' new wealth enabled him to have a very successful career; he joined the three-way alliance later called the First Triumvirate in 59. [44] Although ancient sources are mostly silent on wealth transfers during the proscription, one of the wealthiest men of the Republic like Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus must have benefited from it.
The Proscribed Royalist, 1651, painted by John Everett Millais c. 1853, in which a Puritan woman hides a fleeing Royalist proscript in the hollow of a tree. Proscription (Latin: proscriptio) is, in current usage, a 'decree of condemnation to death or banishment' (Oxford English Dictionary) and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment.
This commission, known today as the Second Triumvirate, would be ratified by the lex Titia. The alliance would be further consummated by Octavian's marriage to Antony's step-daughter. [ 49 ] Within the year, the triumvirs started a series of proscriptions where prominent wealthy men and political enemies were marked for death: among them were ...
By the end of 70 BC, Verres was living in exile in Massilia, modern-day Marseilles, where he would live the rest of his life (history records he was killed during the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate over a sculpture desired by Mark Antony). Cicero collected the remaining material, including what was to be his second speech dealing with ...
This, plus a personal rivalry with Mark Antony, resulted in Cicero being added to the list of proscribed persons during the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate. Reportedly, Octavian argued for two days against Cicero being added to the list. [47] Among the proscribed, Cicero was one of the most viciously and doggedly hunted.
Cicero, who was killed on the orders of Antony, was the most high-profile victim of the triumvirate's proscriptions. [ 26 ] In the power struggles ensuing many years later, Octavian would eventually defeat Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC and usher in the Principate , but Mutina was the milestone where Octavian first established himself ...
The triumvirate established by the law was then renewed in 38 BC. Unlike the so-called First Triumvirate , which was a private arrangement among three men, the Second Triumvirate was a legal instrument which created a formal legal framework to empower the three triumvirs with practically absolute power.
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