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Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring volcanoes, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement. Measuring movements in walls or the ground in civil engineering projects. Determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Some automotive safety systems.
Volcano and Earth movement monitoring then used the water-tube, long baseline tiltmeter. [2] In 1919, the physicist, Albert A. Michelson , noted that the most favorable arrangement to obtain high sensitivity and immunity from temperature perturbations is to use the equipotential surface defined by water in a buried half-filled water pipe. [ 3 ]
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Generic Mapping Tools [16] Map generation and analysis Lamont–Doherty and University of Hawaii: GPL: Cross-platform: C: Implemented in OpendTect GPlates [17] Interactive visualization of plate tectonics University of Sydney, Caltech, NGU: GPL: Cross-platform: C++, Python: Implements GPML: OpenStereo [18] [19] Geoscience plotting tool
Regolith mapping can also be used to determine disrupted natural landscapes in aerial photographs. [1] For example, agricultural terraces , which refers to the level land surfaces divided by short back slopes and concrete barriers, is one of the disrupted landscapes. [ 1 ]
Precision agriculture often employs technologies to automate agricultural operations, improving their diagnosis, decision-making or performing. [4] [5] The goal of precision agriculture research is to define a decision support system for whole farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resources. [6] [7]
Geophysical surveys are used in industry as well as for academic research. The sensing instruments such as gravimeter, gravitational wave sensor and magnetometers detect fluctuations in the gravitational and magnetic field. The data collected from a geophysical survey is analysed to draw meaningful conclusions out of that.
A standard geodetic monitoring instrument in the Freeport open pit mine, Indonesia GNSS reference station antenna for structural monitoring of the Jiangying Bridge. Measuring devices (or sensors) can be sorted in two main groups: geodetic and geotechnical sensors. Both measuring devices can be seamlessly combined in modern deformation monitoring.