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Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest of several isotypes of antibodies (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen ; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] causing it to also be called an acute phase antibody.
Serum protein electrophoresis showing a paraprotein (spike/peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with multiple myeloma.. A myeloma protein is an abnormal antibody (immunoglobulin) or (more often) a fragment thereof, such as an immunoglobulin light chain, that is produced in excess by an abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, typically in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of ...
There are five varieties of immunoglobulins, indicated by the suffices -A, -D, -E, -G and -M. [34] In the aggregate, the immunoglobulin level may be elevated with the disease, but the majority of such increased antibodies are of a monoclonal variety due to the clonal plasma cell and are thus ineffective.
Hyper IgM syndrome is a rare primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by low or absent levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgE and normal or increased levels of serum IgM. [ 8 ] They are resulting from mutations in the pathway from B-cell activation to isotype class switching.
OCBs are especially important for multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, normally only OCBs made of immunoglobulin G antibodies are considered, though sometimes other proteins can be taken into account, like lipid-specific immunoglobulin M. [3] [4] The presence of these IgM OCBs is associated with a more severe course. [5]
Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example, the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. [1] It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma.
Patients diagnosed with isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency frequently exhibit recurrent infections with common microorganisms as well as a higher incidence of autoimmune and allergy disorders. More than 80% of patients with isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency have recurrent infections as their presenting symptom.
Anti-M and anti-N antibodies are naturally occurring, cold-reacting IgM-class antibodies. [7] Anti-M and anti-N are generally clinically insignificant. Anti-S, anti-s and anti-U antibodies are acquired following exposure (via pregnancy or past transfusion with blood products) and are warm-reacting IgG-class antibodies. [7]
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