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  2. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    Abacus. An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand -operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects).

  3. History of ancient numeral systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral...

    As understood through analyses of early proto-cuneiform notations from the city of Uruk, there were more than a dozen different counting systems, [18] including a general system for counting most discrete objects (such as animals, tools, and people) and specialized systems for counting cheese and grain products, volumes of grain (including ...

  4. Prehistoric counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_counting

    v. t. e. Counting in prehistory was first assisted by using body parts, primarily the fingers. This is reflected in the etymology of certain number names, such as in the names of ten and hundred in the Proto-Indo-European numerals, both containing the root * dḱ also seen in the word for "finger" (Latin digitus, cognate to English toe).

  5. Tally stick - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_stick

    Tally stick. Medieval English split tally stick (front and reverse view). The stick is notched and inscribed to record a debt owed to the rural dean of Preston Candover, Hampshire, of a tithe of 20 d each on 32 sheep, amounting to a total sum of £2 13s. 4d. A tally stick (or simply tally[1]) was an ancient memory aid device used to record and ...

  6. History of computing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing

    Eventually, the concept of numbers became concrete and familiar enough for counting to arise, at times with sing-song mnemonics to teach sequences to others. All known human languages, except the Piraha language, have words for at least the numerals "one" and "two", and even some animals like the blackbird can distinguish a surprising number of items.

  7. Ishango bone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishango_bone

    Ishango bone. The Ishango bone, discovered at the "Fisherman Settlement" of Ishango in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a bone tool and possible mathematical device that dates to the Upper Paleolithic era. [1] The curved bone is dark brown in color, about 10 centimeters in length, and features a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end ...

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