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Somatic embryogenesis has served as a model to understand the physiological and biochemical events that occur during plant developmental processes as well as a component to biotechnological advancement. [4] The first documentation of somatic embryogenesis was by Steward et al. in 1958 and Reinert in 1959 with carrot cell suspension cultures. [5 ...
Plant embryonic development, also plant embryogenesis, is a process that occurs after the fertilization of an ovule to produce a fully developed plant embryo. This is a pertinent stage in the plant life cycle that is followed by dormancy and germination . [ 1 ]
All the developmental processes listed above occur during metamorphosis. Examples that have been especially well studied include tail loss and other changes in the tadpole of the frog Xenopus, [32] [33] and the biology of the imaginal discs, which generate the adult body parts of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. [34] [35]
Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth. During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed from gastrulation (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs of the organism. [1] The endoderm of vertebrates produces tissue within the lungs, thyroid, and ...
Somatic embryogenesis is a method that has the potential to be several times higher in multiplication rates and is amenable to handling in liquid culture systems like bioreactors. Some explants, like the root tip , are hard to isolate and are contaminated with soil microflora that becomes problematic during the tissue culture process.
Embryogenesis continues with the next stage of gastrulation, when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis, and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow. The entire process of embryogenesis involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in gene expression, cell growth, and cellular differentiation.
An example of this is the modern cultivated species of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid. [citation needed] The frequency of spontaneous mutations is significantly lower in advanced male germ cells than in somatic cell types from the same individual. [7]
The callus growth and its organogenesis or embryogenesis can be referred into three different stages. Stage I: Rapid production of callus after placing the explants in culture medium Stage II: The callus is transferred to other medium containing growth regulators for the induction of adventitious organs.