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Almost any problem which occurs when running a Lua module will be reported as "Script error" during program execution, such as invalid data or a misspelled variable name in the Lua source code.
Some important things like mw.ustring.gmatch actually return functions, not strings - see Functions below. no such module. You #invoked a module that didn't exist — or wrote #invoke:Module:x instead of #invoke:x. the function specified did not exist. You #invoked a module, but the field after the name of the module is wrong. Often this field ...
and trying to use a plus-sign "+" might pass during the pre-compile of edit-save but hit "Script error" when that portion of the Lua script is executed. Invalid function name: len = string.long(my_str) - The string-length operator is hash mark '#' (as in: #my_str), or use function 'string.len(my_str)' but trying to use unknown function 'string ...
See also: the {{}} template. The #if function selects one of two alternatives based on the truth value of a test string. {{#if: test string | value if true | value if false}} As explained above, a string is considered true if it contains at least one non-whitespace character.
Marshalling data between C and Lua functions is also done using the stack. To call a Lua function, arguments are pushed onto the stack, and then the lua_call is used to call the actual function. When writing a C function to be directly called from Lua, the arguments are read from the stack. Here is an example of calling a Lua function from C:
Help:Lua for beginners; Help:Lua debugging – about debugging Lua modules; Wikipedia:Lua style guide – standards to improve the readability of code through consistency; Module:Sandbox provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
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Scribunto Lua reference manual; Programming in Lua; Introduction to Lua patterns; About regex. Lua "patterns" are based on Regex (Patterns are a reduced set of regex). Help:Lua metamodules: Lua in Wikipedia has several meta-modules available that can make core functions easily available.