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[10] [needs update] To combat this progression, HSIL is usually followed by an immediate colposcopy with biopsy to sample or remove the dysplastic tissue. This tissue is sent for pathology testing to assign a histologic classification that is more definitive than a Pap smear result (which is a cytologic finding).
HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, which are designated by a number for each virus type. [10] Some HPV types, such as HPV5, may establish infections that persist for the lifetime of the individual without ever manifesting any clinical symptoms. HPV types 1 and 2 can cause common warts in some infected individuals. [18]
When used without context, it frequently refers to infections (squamous cell papilloma) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), such as warts. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of cervical cancer , vulvar cancer , vaginal cancer , penis cancer , anal cancer , and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers .
HPV types 16 and 18 are the cause of 75% of cervical cancer cases globally, while 31 and 45 are the causes of another 10%. [ 45 ] Women who have multiple sexual partners, or have partners who have multiple sexual partners, regardless of sex are at higher risk of cervical cancer.
Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10–20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. [29] US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. [29] About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. [29]
A squamous cell papilloma is a generally benign papilloma that arises from the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, lip, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina or anal canal.
This is associated with carcinogenic genotypes of HPV and/or HPV persistence factors such as cigarette smoking or immunocompromised states. Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia also known as VIN Simplex: is associated with vulvar dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus. It is associated with atypia of the squamous epithelium. [4] [5]
Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). [10] [7] [8] [9] [11] It was developed by Merck & Co. [12] High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. [13]