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County lines drug trafficking. In the United Kingdom, the county lines drug supply model is the practice of trafficking drugs into rural areas and smaller towns, away from major cities. [1][2] Criminal gangs recruit and exploit vulnerable children, sometimes including children in pupil referral units and those who have been excluded from school ...
[7] [8] A drug may be classified as second-line instead of first-line for one of three possible reasons: 1) it may be less effective than the first-line drugs (e.g., p-aminosalicylic acid), 2) it may have toxic side-effects (e.g., cycloserine), or 3) it may be effective, but unavailable in many developing countries (e.g., fluoroquinolones ...
Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing rapid death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but the term may also be applied in a broader sense to include euthanasia and other forms of ...
Management of HIV/AIDS. The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. [ 1 ] There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active ...
Methamphetamine[ note 1 ] (contracted from N-methylamphetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. [ 23 ] It has also been researched as as a potential ...
Cocaine is known to suppress hunger and appetite by increasing co-localization of sigma σ 1 R receptors and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors at the neuronal cell surface, thereby increasing ghrelin-mediated signaling of satiety [ 123 ] and possibly via other effects on appetitive hormones. [ 124 ]
Metformin is a pleiotropic drug, with extensive off-target activity beyond its antidiabetic effect. Much of this has been attributed to its action on AMPK, although other mechanisms have been proposed. [214][215] Metformin has been studied for its effects on multiple other conditions, including:
Duloxetine. Duloxetine, sold under the brand name Cymbalta among others, [1] is a medication used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain and central sensitization. [7][8] It is taken by mouth. [7]