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In 1956, Williams became the first black person to teach at both the college or university level in California. [3] [4] She was hired to teach public health nursing at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). [2] [4] In 1971, Williams was a co-founder of the National Black Nurses Association (NBNA). [4]
California has the only legislatively mandated nurse-to-patient ratios in the country. [3] In December 2020, during the fall/winter COVID-19 pandemic surge, governor Gavin Newsom gave all hospitals a temporary waiver from those mandates, which allowed hospitals, for example, to have ICU nurses care for three patients rather than two.
In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well.
Polycythemia is defined as serum hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin (HgB) exceeding normal ranges expected for age and sex, typically Hct >49% in healthy adult men and >48% in women, or HgB >16.5 g/dL in men or >16.0 g/dL in women. [8] The definition is different for neonates and varies by age in children. [9] [10]
A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. If a hemoglobin tests shows that a person's levels are below normal, it means they have a low red blood cell count, which is known as anemia. If the test shows higher levels than normal, it means they have hemoglobinemia. [citation needed] The normal range for hemoglobin is:
The Nurses' Health Study original cohort was established in 1976 by Frank E. Speizer. [5] Initially, the study investigated contraceptive use, smoking, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. [6] The 1976 baseline group included married female registered nurses between the ages of 30 and 55. [6]
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Women's nursing roles include both caring for patients and making sure that the wards and equipment are clean. In the United States, women make up the majority of the field of nursing, comprising 86% of Registered Nurses (RNs) in 2021; [2] globally, women comprise 89% of the nursing workforce. [3]