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Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: [note 3] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms. The term is ...
One study reported occurrences at regularly prescribed doses in approximately 0.1% of individuals within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Methamphetamine psychosis, or long-term effects of stimulant use in the brain (at the molecular level), depend upon genetics and may persist for ...
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL). This is also called female pattern baldness, androgenetic alopecia, or androgenic alopecia (AGA). It’s the most common cause of hair loss in women. FPHL usually ...
MDA is a substituted methylenedioxylated phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative. In relation to other phenethylamines and amphetamines, it is the 3,4-methylenedioxy, α-methyl derivative of β-phenylethylamine, the 3,4-methylenedioxy derivative of amphetamine, and the N-desmethyl derivative of MDMA.
The same review also showed the prevalence of hair loss increases with age — approximately 12 percent of women aged 20 and 29 years experience hair loss, while over 50 percent of women over the ...
The drugs that can cause hair loss include antihypertensive medications (such as ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers), cancer medications, statins, anticoagulants, antidepressants and medications that ...
Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, [36] [37] but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.
An additional mechanism of some substituted amphetamines is the release of vesicular stores of monoamine neurotransmitters through VMAT2, thereby increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the cytosol, or intracellular fluid, of the presynaptic neuron. [72] Amphetamine-type stimulants are often used for their therapeutic effects.