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Endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis [5] [6] [7] and may predate vascular pathology. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Endothelial dysfunction may also lead to increased adherence of monocytes and macrophages , as well as promoting infiltration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall. [ 9 ]
Microangiopathy (also known as microvascular disease, small vessel disease (SVD) or microvascular dysfunction) is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. [1] It can be contrasted to macroangiopathies such as atherosclerosis , where large and medium-sized arteries (e.g., aorta , carotid and coronary arteries ...
Microvascular angina (MVA), previously known as cardiac syndrome X, [1] also known as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or microvascular coronary disease is a type of angina (chest pain) with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries. [2] [3]
Endothelial dysfunction has also been shown to be predictive of future adverse cardiovascular events including stroke, heart disease, and is also present in inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. [18] [19] Endothelial dysfunction is a result of changes in endothelial function.
The primary cause of microvascular angina is unknown, but factors apparently involved are endothelial dysfunction and reduced flow (perhaps due to spasm) in the tiny "resistance" blood vessels of the heart. [18] Since microvascular angina is not characterized by major arterial blockages, it is harder to recognize and diagnose. [19] [20] [21]
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): A bypass surgery improves blood flow to your heart by taking another blood vessel from somewhere else in your body and using it to create a new passage for ...
Vascular disease is a pathological state of large and medium muscular arteries and is triggered by endothelial cell dysfunction. [22] Because of factors like pathogens, oxidized LDL particles and other inflammatory stimuli endothelial cells become active. [23]
The blockages may also result from scar tissue that forms at the site where the clot has damaged the endothelial lining of the pulmonary arteries, causing permanent fibrous obstruction (blood flow blockage). [8] Most patients have a combination of microvascular (small vessel) and macrovascular (large vessel) obstruction.