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Sharp waves and ripples (SWRs) are oscillatory patterns produced by extremely synchronised activity of neurons in the mammalian hippocampus and neighbouring regions which occur spontaneously in idle waking states or during NREM sleep. [1] They can be observed with a variety of imaging methods, such as EEG.
One of the important questions in sleep research is clearly defining the sleep state. This problem arises because sleep was traditionally defined as a state of consciousness and not as a physiological state, [14] [15] thus there was no clear definition of what minimum set of events constitute sleep and distinguish it from other states of partial or no consciousness.
The cyclic alternating pattern (abbreviated CAP) is a pattern of two long-lasting alternate electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns that occur in sleep. [1] It is a pattern of spontaneous cortical activity [ 2 ] which is ongoing and occurs in the absence of sensory stimulation .
For people with insomnia who spend a significant amount of their time in bed awake, feeling anxious and irritated, sleep restriction therapy can help boost their sleep efficiency, making the bed a ...
EMG (electromyography) is a crucial method to distinguish between sleep phases: for example, a decrease of muscle tone is in general a characteristic of the transition from wake to sleep, [5] [6] and during REM sleep, there is a state of muscle atonia (paralysis), resulting in an absence of signals in the EMG. [5]
Sleep spindle activity has furthermore been found to be associated with the integration of new information into existing knowledge [17] as well as directed remembering and forgetting (fast sleep spindles). [18] During NREM sleep, the brain waves produced by people with schizophrenia lack the normal pattern of slow and fast spindles. [19]
Sleeping can be described as the lack of conscious awareness of the outside world, meaning large portions of the brain that receive and interpret signals are deactivated during this time, while dreaming is a specific state of sleep in which enhanced brain activity has been shown to occur, [1] theorizing the primary consciousness could be active ...
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