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Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. [4] Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.
Dioscorides wrote that altering the opium would result in different outcomes. If cut with glaucium, which is a genus of flowers, it would result in saffron opium. If cut with grease, set on fire, and put in a jar, it would result in soft and yellowish-red opium. Adding resin would result in transparent and weaker opium.
The plant contains a latex that thickens into opium when it is dried. Opium contains approximately 40 alkaloids, which are summarized as opium alkaloids. [6] The main psychoactive alkaloids are: Morphine: 3 to 20% in opium [6] Codeine 0.1 to 4% in opium [6] Thebaine 0.1 to 4% in opium [6] Noscapine 1 to 11% in opium [6] Oripavine
Marihuana prensada ('pressed marijuana') is a cannabis-derived product widespread among the lower classes of South America, [185] especially from the 90s. Locally it is known as "paraguayo" or "paragua", since its main producer is Paraguay. [186] Marijuana is dried and mixed with binding agents that make it toxic and highly harmful to health. [187]
In the United States the formula for Paregoric U.S.P. is a tincture of opium 40 ml, anise oil 4 ml, benzoic acid 4 g, camphor 4 g, glycerin 40 ml, alcohol 450 ml, purified water 450 ml, diluted with alcohol [16] to 1000 ml, and contains the equivalent of 0.4 mg/ml of anhydrous morphine; one ounce of paregoric contains 129.6 mg (2 grains) of ...
The Muslim-majority nations of Turkey and Egypt were instrumental in banning opium, cocaine, and cannabis when the League of Nations committed to the 1925 International Convention relating to opium and other drugs (later the 1934 Dangerous Drugs Act). The primary goal was to ban opium and cocaine, but cannabis was added to the list, and it ...
Opium: This "drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy…produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives." [100] Opioids have led to many deaths in the United States, particularly by causing respiratory depression.
Cannabis plants produce a unique family of terpeno-phenolic compounds called cannabinoids, some of which produce the "high" which may be experienced from consuming marijuana. There are 483 identifiable chemical constituents known to exist in the cannabis plant, [ 53 ] and at least 85 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant. [ 54 ]