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In non-human animal research, gender is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals. [1] According to biologist Michael J. Ryan, gender identity is a concept exclusively applied to humans. [99]
In most societies, there is a basic division between gender attributes associated with males and females, a gender binary to which most people adhere and which includes expectations of masculinity and femininity in all aspects of sex and gender: biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation.
Gender is used as a means of describing the distinction between the biological sex and socialized aspects of femininity and masculinity. [9] According to West and Zimmerman, is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society."
The term may be used as "an umbrella term, encompassing several gender identities, including intergender, agender, xenogender, genderfluid, and demigender." [ 21 ] Some non-binary identities are inclusive , because two or more genders are referenced, such as androgyne/androgynous, intergender, bigender, trigender, polygender, and pangender.
During the 1970s, there was no consensus about how the terms were to be applied. In the 1974 edition of Masculine/Feminine or Human, the author uses "innate gender" and "learned sex roles", but in the 1978 edition, the use of sex and gender is reversed. By 1980, most feminist writings had agreed on using gender only for sociocultural adapted ...
Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. [1] [2] The field now overlaps with queer studies and men's studies.
Gender and development is an interdisciplinary field of research and applied study that implements a feminist approach to understanding and addressing the disparate impact that economic development and globalization have on people based upon their location, gender, class background, and other socio-political identities.
Though sex and gender have been used interchangeably at least as early as the fourteenth century, this usage was not common by the late 1900s. [15] Sexologist John Money pioneered the concept of a distinction between biological sex and gender identity in 1955.
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