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Improving population-wide literacy was the focus of education in the early years of the People's Republic of China. [20] In 1949, the literacy rate was only between 20 and 40%. [20]
The history of education in China began with the birth of the Chinese civilization.Nobles often set up educational establishments for their offspring. Establishment of the imperial examinations (advocated in the Warring States period, originated in Han, founded in Tang) was instrumental in the transition from an aristocratic to a meritocratic government.
The history of higher education in China dates back to the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 BC– c. 1045 BC). However, the education system in ancient China was highly elitist and centred around Confucianism, a form of humanism. Under the imperial examination system, the education system focused on training and selection of civil servants. [5]
In 2023, the university enrollment rate was 60.2% according to the Ministry of Education, representing 47 million mainland Chinese students enrolled in 4-year university and college degree programs in some 3,074 Chinese tertiary institutions. [1]
Higher education institutions in China before 1949 (1 C, 2 P) I. Imperial examination (2 C, 17 P) M. Ming dynasty Hanlin Academy scholars (3 P)
Compulsory education is the law for youth in the People's Republic of China (PRC). After the Cultural Revolution, the slogan of compulsory education was advanced during the period of order out of chaos. It was written into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982 Constitution) by Deng Xiaoping and others. [1] [2] [3]
The history of education in modern India, 1757-1998 (Orient Longman, 2000) Lee, Thomas H. C. Education in traditional China: a history (2000) Jayapalan N. History Of Education In India (2005) excerpt and text search; Price, Ronald Francis. Education in modern China (Routledge, 2014) Sharma, Ram Nath. History of education in India (1996) excerpt ...
This has been called the "77 and 78 phenomenon" in Chinese politics. [9] The graduates of the class of 1977 started to retire in the early 2000s. Due to the wide range of their ages and different careers, their retirement start dates were spread out over a large amount of years. [2]