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The United States defines spaceflight as any flight reaching an altitude of 50 miles, while the FAI definition requires an altitude of 100 kilometers. During the 1960s, 13 crewed flights of the U.S. North American X-15 rocket plane met the U.S. criteria, of which only two met the FAI's. This article's primary list includes only the latter two ...
Maiden flights: Atlas-Agena Molniya Scout Thor DM-18 Able-IV Thor DM-21 Ablestar ... Orbital launch attempts by country in 1960: Country Launches Successes Failures
Apollo 7 heads into orbit with its crew of three, 1968. This is a list of all crewed spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, crewed spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space.
March 1960: First solar probe. USA (NASA) Pioneer 5: 19 August 1960: First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit. USSR Sputnik 5: 25 September 1960 First rocket engine fired in space. USA (NASA) Pioneer P-30 [13] 31 January 1961: First hominidae in space (chimpanzee Ham). First tasks performed in space. USA (NASA) M-R 2: 12 ...
The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the Manned Space Flight Network, a system of tracking and communications stations; back-up controls were outfitted on board. Small retrorockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit, after which an ablative heat shield protected it from the heat of atmospheric reentry .
First simultaneous flight of crewed spacecraft. First person to float freely in microgravity. Vostok 3 / Vostok 4: 1962 December 14 USA First successful planetary flyby mission . Mariner 2: 1963 June 16 USSR First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova) First civilian in space Vostok 6: 1963 June 19 USSR First Mars flyby, although contact was ...
Notable test flights of spaceflight systems may be listed even if they were not planned to reach space. Some lists are further divided into orbital launches (sending a payload into orbit, whether successful or not) and suborbital flights (e.g. ballistic missiles, sounding rockets, experimental spacecraft).
Project Gemini (IPA: / ˈ dʒ ɛ m ɪ n i /) was the second United States human spaceflight program to fly. Conducted after the first American crewed space program, Project Mercury, while the Apollo program was still in early development, Gemini was conceived in 1961 and concluded in 1966.