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Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA [1]) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief. [2] The infusion is programmable by the prescriber. If it is programmed and functioning as intended, the machine is unlikely to deliver an overdose of medication. [3]
Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic (pain medication). It is 30 to 50 times more potent than heroin and 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. [10] Its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries.
It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: orally; administered under the tongue ; via inhalation; injection into a vein , injection into a muscle , injection under the skin , or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal ; or via administered into the rectal canal ...
Oliceridine is a μ-opioid receptor biased agonist developed by Trevena.In cell-based (in vitro) research, oliceridine elicits robust G protein signaling, with potency and efficacy similar to that of morphine, but with less β-arrestin 2 recruitment and receptor internalization. [5]
An analgesic adjuvant is a medication that is typically used for indications other than pain control but provides control of pain in some painful diseases. This is often part of multimodal analgesia, where one of the intentions is to minimize the need for opioids. [1] [2] [3]
Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. [7] Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. [9] It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. [7]
The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. [30] In 2014, the European Association for Palliative Care recommended oxycodone by mouth as a second-line alternative to morphine by mouth for cancer pain. [31]
Applicable conditions include acute back [8] or neck pain, or pain after an injury. Long-term use of muscle relaxants in such cases is poorly supported. [8] Spasm may also be seen in movement disorders featuring spasticity in neurologic conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord disease. Medications are commonly used ...