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Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L , [ 2 ] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [ 3 ]
The predominant symptoms of hypercalcemia are abdominal pain, constipation, extreme thirst, excessive urination, kidney stones, nausea and vomiting. [ 3 ] [ 14 ] In severe cases where the calcium concentration is >14 mg/dL, individuals may experience confusion, altered mental status, coma, and seizure.
Severe symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain. [1] [2] Normal serum sodium levels are 135–145 mmol/L (135–145 mEq/L). [5] Hypernatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L. [3] Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L. [1]
Surgical removal of a parathyroid tumor eliminates the symptoms in most patients. [citation needed] In secondary hyperparathyroidism due to lack of vitamin D absorption, the parathyroid gland is behaving normally; clinical problems are due to bone resorption and manifest as bone syndromes such as rickets, osteomalacia, and renal osteodystrophy ...
Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up. [4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. [4]
“The findings suggest that short-term (1–8 weeks) consumption of plant- and fungal-based meat alternatives significantly reduces total and LDL cholesterol in adults, without impacting other ...
They also commonly experience both hyperchloremia and metabolic acidosis together, a condition called hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. People with PHA2 may experience other nonspecific symptoms including nausea, vomiting, extreme fatigue, muscle weakness, and hypercalcuria. Some PHA2E patients present with dental abnormalities. [11]
Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, has experience with federal research funding, having spent more than two decades developing the ...