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Actuarial science became a formal mathematical discipline in the late 17th century with the increased demand for long-term insurance coverage such as burial, life insurance, and annuities. These long term coverages required that money be set aside to pay future benefits, such as annuity and death benefits many years into the future.
The actuarial present value (APV) is the expected value of the present value of a contingent cash flow stream (i.e. a series of payments which may or may not be made). ). Actuarial present values are typically calculated for the benefit-payment or series of payments associated with life insurance and life
Algebra (and later, calculus) can thus be used to solve geometrical problems. Geometry was split into two new subfields: synthetic geometry, which uses purely geometrical methods, and analytic geometry, which uses coordinates systemically. [23] Analytic geometry allows the study of curves unrelated to circles and lines.
This field is foundational to understanding life at a microscopic scale and has broad applications in medicine, drug discovery, epidemiology, biotechnology, agriculture, protein engineering, and environmental science. There are a wide variety of research topics in this field. Algebraic geometry modeling of protein structure. [53]
The life insurance field was getting much publicity at that time because of the Armstrong Investigation in New York State. This was an important event in insurance history with a comprehensive legislative investigation of life insurance operations led by Charles Evans Hughes. Many years later, Huebner said that the investigation and corrective ...
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.Often, these applied methods are beyond simple geometry, and may include differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, or other computational methods.
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A life table generally shows the number of people alive at integral ages. If we need information regarding a fraction of a year, we must make assumptions with respect to the table, if not already implied by a mathematical formula underlying the table. A common assumption is that of a Uniform Distribution of Deaths (UDD) at each year of age.