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English: Diagram of an idealized Lithium atom, primarily useful to illustrate the nucleus of an atom. This sort of design is scientifically inaccurate in many important respects, but serves as a powerful mandala of the nuclear age. Inspired by drawing from User:Fastfission, recreated by User:AG Caesar in vector/svg format.
This gives the atom a shell structure designed by Kossel, Langmuir, and Bury, in which each shell corresponds to a Bohr orbit. This model is even more approximate than the model of hydrogen, because it treats the electrons in each shell as non-interacting. But the repulsions of electrons are taken into account somewhat by the phenomenon of ...
If an atom has more electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative charge and is called a negative ion (or anion). Conversely, if it has more protons than electrons, it has a positive charge and is called a positive ion (or cation). The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by the electromagnetic force.
The nitrogen atom has only 6 electrons assigned to it. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen atom must form a double bond, but either atom will work equally well. Therefore, there is a resonance structure. Tie up loose ends. Two Lewis structures must be drawn: Each structure has one of the two oxygen atoms double-bonded to the nitrogen atom.
Stereochemistry demands special attention because three-dimensionality is the most difficult part of a structure to visualize. Techniques for presenting 3-dimensional structures reflect the tastes of the artist. Three dimensionality is best highlighted by the depictions of bonds, using wedges, bolding, and hashed formats.
A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds. Its vertices are labeled with the kinds of the corresponding atoms and edges are labeled with the types of bonds. [1] For particular purposes any of the labelings may be ignored.
The position of each atom is determined by the nature of the chemical bonds by which it is connected to its neighboring atoms. The molecular geometry can be described by the positions of these atoms in space, evoking bond lengths of two joined atoms, bond angles of three connected atoms, and torsion angles ( dihedral angles ) of three ...
Penguin diagram: a quark changes flavor via a W or Z loop Tadpole diagram: One loop diagram with one external leg Self-interaction or oyster diagram An electron emits and reabsorbs a photon Box diagram The box diagram for kaon oscillations: Photon-photon scattering: Higgs boson production: Via gluons and top quarks: Via quarks and W or Z bosons ...