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A new reanalysis product ERA5 has more recently been released by ECMWF as part of Copernicus Climate Change Services. This product has higher spatial resolution (31 km) and covers the period from 1979 to present. Extension back to 1940 became available in 2023. [1]
Potential evapotranspiration is expressed in terms of a depth of water or soil moisture percentage. If the actual evapotranspiration is considered the net result of atmospheric demand for moisture from a surface and the ability of the surface to supply moisture, then PET is a measure of the demand side (also called evaporative demand).
A historic surface soil moisture change in the Horn of Africa from August 2020 - December 2022. Soil moisture is the water content of the soil. It can be expressed in terms of volume or weight. Soil moisture measurement can be based on in situ probes (e.g., capacitance probes, neutron probes) or remote sensing methods. [1] [2]
Soil moisture is sufficiently high year-round in most years to meet plant requirement; common in humid regions. Ustic: Soil moisture is intermediate between Udic and Aridic regimes; generally, plant-available moisture during the growing season, but severe periods of drought may occur; common in semi-arid regions. Aridic
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. The soil moisture curve is characteristic for different types of soil, and is also called the soil moisture characteristic. It is used to predict the soil water storage, water supply to the plants (field capacity) and soil aggregate stability.
The assumption here is for vegetation with an abundant water supply (i.e. the plants have low moisture stress). Areas like arid regions with high moisture stress are estimated to have higher values. [9] The assumption that an air mass moving over a vegetated surface with abundant water saturates has been questioned later.
Drought monitoring relies on a set of meteorological, representing different components in the hydrological cycle (precipitation, soil moisture, reservoir levels, river flow, groundwater levels) or specific impacts (vegetation stress). Precipitation index values, essential for drought assessment, are sourced from the ECMWF's seasonal forecast ...
A precipitationshed is the upwind ocean and land surface that contributes evaporation to a given, downwind location's precipitation. In much the same way that a watershed is defined by a topographically explicit area that provides surface runoff , the precipitationshed is a statistically defined area within which evaporation, traveling via ...
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