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A conformal antenna [14] is a phased array in which the individual antennas, instead of being arranged in a flat plane, are mounted on a curved surface. The phase shifters compensate for the different path lengths of the waves due to the antenna elements' varying position on the surface, allowing the array to radiate a plane wave.
The first all-solid state phased array radar was the PAVE PAWS (precision acquisition vehicle entry - phased array warning system) UHF radar built in 1978 for the United States Air Force. [13] Phased array antennas are also used in radio astronomy.
The Eurofighter Typhoon combat aircraft with its nose fairing removed, revealing its Euroradar CAPTOR AESA radar antenna. An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna. [1]
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. [ 1 ] : p.149 [ 2 ] The individual antennas (called elements ) are usually connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase ...
Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal. [19] This invention led to the development of radar, smart antennas, and MIMO. Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents.
Also, with this new technology phase shifters are not required as with phased array equipment. The desired affect is accomplished by varying the pattern of activated metamaterial elements as needed. The technology is a practical application of metamaterial cloaking theory. The antenna is approximately the size of a laptop computer. [43] [44] [45]
In 1959, DARPA developed an experimental phased array radar called Electronically Steered Array Radar (ESAR). It was a large two-dimensional phased array with beam steering controlled by computers instead of requiring mechanical motion of the antenna. The first module, a linear array, was completed in 1960. It formed the basis of the AN/FPS-85. [1]
Frequency-dependant phase shifting of the elements of the array can be used to compensate for the squint, [4] which leads to the concept of a squintless antenna or feed. [5] Design In some cases the antenna may be designed to create a squint. For example, an antenna which is used to communicate with a satellite but must remain in a vertical ...