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In behavioral economics, time preference (or time discounting, [1] delay discounting, temporal discounting, [2] long-term orientation [3]) is the current relative valuation placed on receiving a good at an earlier date compared with receiving it at a later date. [1] Applications for these preferences include finance, health, climate change.
Consumption smoothing is an economic concept for the practice of optimizing a person's standard of living through an appropriate balance between savings and consumption over time. An optimal consumption rate should be relatively similar at each stage of a person's life rather than fluctuate wildly. [1] [2] Luxurious consumption at an old age ...
In macroeconomics, the Keynes–Ramsey rule is a necessary condition for the optimality of intertemporal consumption choice. [1] Usually it is expressed as a differential equation relating the rate of change of consumption with interest rates, time preference, and (intertemporal) elasticity of substitution.
When making decisions between present and future consumption, the consumer takes his/her previous consumption into account. This decision making is based on an indifference map with negative slope because if he consumes something today it means that he can't consume it in the future and vice versa.
The theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves.It analyzes how consumers maximize the desirability of their consumption (as measured by their preferences subject to limitations on their expenditures), by maximizing utility subject to a consumer budget constraint. [1]
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It is calculated as the present discounted value of future utility, and for people with time preference for sooner rather than later gratification, it is less than the future utility. The utility of an event x occurring at future time t under utility function u, discounted back to the present (time 0) using discount factor β, is
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