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Point P has a positive y-coordinate, and sin θ = sin(π−θ) > 0. As θ increases from zero to the full circle θ = 2π, the sine and cosine change signs in the various quadrants to keep x and y with the correct signs. The figure shows how the sign of the sine function varies as the angle changes quadrant.
A function :, with domain X and codomain Y, is bijective, if for every y in Y, there is one and only one element x in X such that y = f(x). In this case, the inverse function of f is the function f − 1 : Y → X {\displaystyle f^{-1}:Y\to X} that maps y ∈ Y {\displaystyle y\in Y} to the element x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} such that y = f ...
For example, the sine of angle θ is defined as being the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The six trigonometric functions are defined for every real number, except, for some of them, for angles that differ from 0 by a multiple of the right angle (90°). Referring to the diagram at the right, the six ...
Graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c, where a and the discriminant b 2 − 4ac are positive, with. Roots and y-intercept in red; Vertex and axis of symmetry in blue; Focus and directrix in pink; Visualisation of the complex roots of y = ax 2 + bx + c: the parabola is rotated 180° about its vertex (orange).
For such a double limit to exist, this definition requires the value of f approaches L along every possible path approaching (p, q), excluding the two lines x = p and y = q. As a result, the multiple limit is a weaker notion than the ordinary limit: if the ordinary limit exists and equals L, then the multiple limit exists and also equals L. The ...
The information geometry definition of divergence (the subject of this article) was initially referred to by alternative terms, including "quasi-distance" Amari (1982, p. 369) and "contrast function" Eguchi (1985), though "divergence" was used in Amari (1985) for the α-divergence, and has become standard for the general class. [1] [2]
Figure 1. Plots of quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c, varying each coefficient separately while the other coefficients are fixed (at values a = 1, b = 0, c = 0). A quadratic equation whose coefficients are real numbers can have either zero, one, or two distinct real-valued solutions, also called roots.
is called a biquadratic function; equating it to zero defines a biquadratic equation, which is easy to solve as follows Let the auxiliary variable z = x 2. Then Q(x) becomes a quadratic q in z: q(z) = a 4 z 2 + a 2 z + a 0. Let z + and z − be the roots of q(z). Then the roots of the quartic Q(x) are