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t. e. In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by ...
Breach: a gap in fortified or battle lines. Breakout: exploiting a breach in enemy lines so that a large force (division or above) passes through. Bridgehead and its varieties known as beachheads and airheads. Camouflet. Chalk: a group of paratroopers or other soldiers that deploy from a single aircraft.
Known-plaintext attack. The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal secret keys and code books. The term "crib" originated at Bletchley Park, the British World War II decryption ...
Vigenère cipher. The Vigenère cipher is named after Blaise de Vigenère (pictured), although Giovan Battista Bellaso had invented it before Vigenère described his autokey cipher. The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different ...
Password cracking. In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available ...
Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of written language, certain letters and combinations of letters occur with varying frequencies. Moreover, there is a characteristic distribution of letters that is roughly the same for almost all samples of that language. For instance, given a section of English language, E, T ...
In a chosen-plaintext attack the adversary can (possibly adaptively) ask for the ciphertexts of arbitrary plaintext messages. This is formalized by allowing the adversary to interact with an encryption oracle, viewed as a black box. The attacker’s goal is to reveal all or a part of the secret encryption key. It may seem infeasible in practice ...
An example of an IDN homograph attack; the Latin letters "e" and "a" are replaced with the Cyrillic letters "е" and "а".The internationalized domain name (IDN) homoglyph attack (often written as homograph attack) is a method used by malicious parties to deceive computer users about what remote system they are communicating with, by exploiting the fact that many different characters look ...