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Points-of-difference (PODs) – Attributes or benefits consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate and believe they could not find to the same extent with a competing brand i.e. points where you are claiming superiority or exclusiveness over other products in the category. Points-of-parity (POPs) – Associations that are not ...
In sports, parity is participating teams having roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the "best" team is not significantly better than the "worst" team. This leads to more competitive contests in which the winner cannot be easily predicted. The opposite condition, which could be considered "disparity" between teams, is a ...
The competitive parity method allocates the advertising or promotional budget based on competitive spending for comparable activities. This approach is a defensive strategy used to protect a brand market position. [92] It assumes that rival firms have similar objectives and is widely used in highly competitive markets.
The term competitive advantage refers to the ability gained through attributes and resources to perform at a higher level than others in the same industry or market (Christensen and Fahey 1984, Kay 1994, Porter 1980 cited by Chacarbaghi and Lynch 1999, p. 45). [1] The study of this advantage has attracted profound research interest due to ...
Brand parity is the perception of customers that some brands are equivalent. [111] This means that shoppers will purchase within a group of accepted brands rather than choosing one specific brand. Cranfield management professor Christopher Martin has referred to research confirming that consumers choose from a "portfolio of brands", and that ...
In theory, there are two main benefits derived from salary caps – promotion of parity between teams, and control of costs. [5] [6] [7]Primarily, an effective salary cap prevents wealthy teams from certain destructive behaviours such as signing a multitude of high-paid star players to prevent their rivals from accessing these players, and ensuring victory through superior economic power.
Purchasing power parity is an economic term for measuring prices at different locations. It is based on the law of one price, which says that, if there are no transaction costs nor trade barriers for a particular good, then the price for that good should be the same at every location. [1] Ideally, a computer in New York and in Hong Kong should ...
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, and Australia and other countries, a total of 44 countries [1] after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order ...