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Response-prompting procedures are systematic strategies used to increase the probability of correct responding and opportunities for positive reinforcement for learners by providing and then systematically removing prompts. Response prompting is sometimes called errorless learning because teaching using these procedures usually results in few ...
Madeline Cheek Hunter (1916–1994) was an American educator who developed a model for teaching and learning that was widely adopted by schools during the last quarter of the 20th century. [ 1 ] She was named one of the hundred most influential women of the 20th century and one of the ten most influential in education by the Sierra Research ...
Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. The frequency or duration of the behavior may increase through reinforcement or decrease through punishment or extinction.
The motivation for mastery learning comes from trying to reduce achievement gaps for students in average school classrooms. During the 1960s John B. Carroll and Benjamin S. Bloom pointed out that, if students are normally distributed with respect to aptitude for a subject and if they are provided uniform instruction (in terms of quality and learning time), then achievement level at completion ...
Instructional design (ID), also known as instructional systems design and originally known as instructional systems development (ISD), is the practice of systematically designing, developing and delivering instructional materials and experiences, both digital and physical, in a consistent and reliable fashion toward an efficient, effective, appealing, engaging and inspiring acquisition of ...
using aversive techniques (which produce escape and avoidance and undesirable emotional effects); relying on telling and explaining ("Unfortunately, a student does not learn simply when he is shown or told."); [53]: 103 failing to adapt learning tasks to the student's current level; and; failing to provide positive reinforcement frequently enough.
In the behavioral model, development is considered a behavioral change. It is dependent on the kind of stimulus and the person's behavioral and learning function. [5] Behavior analysis in child development takes a mechanistic, contextual, and pragmatic approach. [6][7] From its inception, the behavioral model has focused on prediction and ...
Active student response techniques are designed so that student behavior, such as responding aloud to a question, is quickly followed by reinforcement if correct. [2] Common form of active student response techniques are choral responding, response cards, guided notes, and clickers. While they are commonly used for disabled populations, these ...