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In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element. Some "minerals" are essential for life, but most are not. [1][2][3] Minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients; the others are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. [4] The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium ...
Molybdenum. body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2) Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin molybdaenum) and atomic number 42. The name derived from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. [9]
Copper [5] Chlorine. Selenium. Manganese. Molybdenum. Cobalt (as a component of vitamin B 12) Fluorine. Iodine [6] Silicon [7]
In the United States, foods poor in micronutrient content and high in food energy make up some 27% of daily calorie intake. [3] One US national survey (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that persons with high sugar intake consumed fewer micronutrients, especially vitamins A, C, and E, and magnesium.
The molybdenum cofactor (pictured) is composed of a molybdenum-free organic complex called molybdopterin, which has bound an oxidized molybdenum (VI) atom through adjacent sulfur (or occasionally selenium) atoms. Except for the ancient nitrogenases, all known Mo-using enzymes use this cofactor. Molybdate is transported in the body as MoO 42−.
Selenium in biology. Selenocysteine is the main organic molecule involving selenium in humans. Selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals, though it is toxic in large doses. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine.
Pyridoxine, along with its phosphorylated form, pyridoxine-5'-phosphate, are primarily found in plant-based foods. Pyridoxine is the most stable vitamer of vitamin B 6. Pyridoxine glucoside is a related vitamer that is also found in some plant-based foods. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate are vitamers predominantly found in ...
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine -rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins. They are localized to the membrane of the Golgi apparatus. MTs have the capacity to bind both physiological (such as zinc, copper, selenium) and xenobiotic (such as cadmium, mercury, silver, arsenic, lead) heavy metals through ...