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Quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance.
Brian David Josephson FRS (born 4 January 1940) is a British theoretical physicist and professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge. [3] Best known for his pioneering work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for his prediction of the Josephson effect, made in 1962 when he was a 22-year-old PhD student at Cambridge ...
Quantum entanglement swapping is an essential idea in quantum networking. It involves using aspects of quantum mechanics to extend entanglement from one pair of particles to another, even if those new particles have never interacted before. This process is very important for building quantum communication networks, enabling quantum ...
In quantum mechanics, a quantum eraser experiment is an interferometer experiment that demonstrates several fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, including quantum entanglement and complementarity. [1][2]: 328 The quantum eraser experiment is a variation of Thomas Young's classic double-slit experiment. It establishes that when action is ...
The theorem is important because, in quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is an effect by which certain widely separated events can be correlated in ways that, at first glance, suggest the possibility of communication faster-than-light. The no-communication theorem gives conditions under which such transfer of information between two ...
Quantum entanglement can be defined only within the formalism of quantum mechanics, i.e., it is a model-dependent property. In contrast, nonlocality refers to the impossibility of a description of observed statistics in terms of a local hidden variable model, so it is independent of the physical model used to describe the experiment.
The concurrence is an entanglement monotone (a way of measuring entanglement) defined for a mixed state of two qubits as: [1][2][3][4] in which are the eigenvalues, in decreasing order, of the Hermitian matrix. with. the spin-flipped state of and a Pauli spin matrix. The complex conjugation is taken in the eigenbasis of the Pauli matrix .
The entropy of entanglement is the Von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrix for any of the subsystems. If it is non-zero, it indicates the two subsystems are entangled. More mathematically; if a state describing two subsystems A and B is a separable state, then the reduced density matrix is a pure state.