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The stack is often used to store variables of fixed length local to the currently active functions. Programmers may further choose to explicitly use the stack to store local data of variable length. If a region of memory lies on the thread's stack, that memory is said to have been allocated on the stack, i.e. stack-based memory allocation (SBMA).
If a function-local allocation is found to be accessible to another function or thread, the allocation is said to "escape" and cannot be done on the stack. Otherwise, the object may be allocated directly on the stack and released when the function returns, bypassing the heap and associated memory management costs. [22]
In computing, a stack trace (also called stack backtrace [1] or stack traceback [2]) is a report of the active stack frames at a certain point in time during the execution of a program. When a program is run, memory is often dynamically allocated in two places: the stack and the heap. Memory is continuously allocated on a stack but not on a ...
A compiler can use the results of escape analysis as a basis for optimizations: [1] Converting heap allocations to stack allocations. [2] If an object is allocated in a subroutine, and a pointer to the object never escapes, the object may be a candidate for stack allocation instead of heap allocation.
The alternatives are manual memory management of non-local variables (explicitly allocating on the heap and freeing when done), or, if using stack allocation, for the language to accept that certain use cases will lead to undefined behaviour, due to dangling pointers to freed automatic variables, as in lambda expressions in C++11 [10] or nested ...
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) for C allocates memory for VLAs with automatic storage duration on the stack. [5] This is the faster and more straightforward option compared to heap-allocation, and is used by most compilers. VLAs can also be allocated on the heap and internally accessed using a pointer to this block.
Object destruction is prompt in deterministic memory management, such as in C++ (stack-allocated objects are destroyed on stack unwind, heap-allocated objects are destroyed manually via calling delete or automatically using unique_ptr) or in deterministic reference-counting (where objects are destroyed immediately when their reference count ...
The C++ standard library instead provides a dynamic array (collection) that can be extended or reduced in its std::vector template class. The C++ standard does not specify any relation between new / delete and the C memory allocation routines, but new and delete are typically implemented as wrappers around malloc and free. [6]