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Switching loops can cause misleading entries in a switch's media access control (MAC) database and can cause endless unicast frames to be broadcast throughout the network. A loop can make a switch receive the same broadcast frames on two different ports, and alternatingly associate the sending MAC address with the one or the other port.
Since the layer-2 header does not support a time to live (TTL) value, if a frame is sent into a looped topology, it can loop forever. In some cases, a broadcast storm can be instigated for the purpose of a denial of service (DOS) using one of the packet amplification attacks, such as the smurf attack or fraggle attack, where an attacker sends a ...
Broadcast traffic is reduced and VXLAN tunnel endpoints (VTEPs) reply to the caller directly. VXLAN can handle BUM in two ways: Multicast and Head End Replication . Multicast is the most common approach, and each VXLAN network identifier (VNI) is mapped to a single multicast group, while each multicast group may map to one or more VNIs.
The switch with the lowest priority of all the switches will be the root; if there is a tie, then the switch with the lowest priority and lowest MAC address will be the root. For example, if switches A (MAC = 0200.0000.1111) and B (MAC = 0200.0000.2222) both have a priority of 32,768 then switch A will be selected as the root bridge.
Link aggregation between a switch and a server In computer networking , link aggregation is the combining ( aggregating ) of multiple network connections in parallel by any of several methods. Link aggregation increases total throughput beyond what a single connection could sustain, and provides redundancy where all but one of the physical ...
In a simple reachability protocol, such as EGP, the routing loop will persist forever. In a naive distance-vector protocol, such as the routing information protocol, the loop will persist until the metrics for C reach infinity (the maximum number of routers that a packet can traverse in RIP is 15. The value 16 is considered infinity and the ...
Without conditional logic to prevent indefinite recirculation of the same packet, broadcast storms are a hazard. Controlled flooding has its own two algorithms to make it reliable, SNCF (Sequence Number Controlled Flooding) and RPF (reverse-path forwarding). In SNCF, the node attaches its own address and sequence number to the packet, since ...
A switch will, by default, flood multicast traffic to all the ports in a broadcast domain (or the VLAN equivalent). Multicast can cause unnecessary load on host devices by requiring them to process packets they have not solicited. When purposefully exploited, this can form the basis of a denial-of-service attack. IGMP snooping is designed to ...