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Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin (/ ˈ r ɪ t ə l ɪ n / RIT-ə-lin) and Concerta (/ k ə n ˈ s ɜːr t ə / kən-SUR-tə) [citation needed] among others, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated in the pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
Recent research (Nixon & Vendelø, 2016) shows that General Practitioners (GPs) who actively consider discontinuation, are reluctant to do so, as they experience that the safest decision is to continue prescriptions, rather than discontinue them. In part this is due to the ambiguity about the appropriateness of discontinuing medication.
Rebound effects from stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine include stimulant psychosis, depression and a return of ADHD symptoms but in a temporarily exaggerated form. [8] [9] [10] Up to a third of ADHD children experience a rebound effect when methylphenidate is withdrawn. [11]
There is declining usage of other drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methamphetamine (Desoxyn), and pemoline (Cylert), as these stimulants may have several adverse effects. [25]
Approximately 15–50% of people who suddenly stop an antidepressant develop antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. [ 7 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The condition is generally not serious, [ 2 ] though about half of people with symptoms describe them as severe. [ 4 ]
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A 54 mg tablet of Concerta, which uses OROS technology. 22% of the drug is contained in the red overcoat, while the remaining 78% is split between two drug layers of differing concentration. The tablet uses an additional push layer that expands as water enters the tablet via the osmotic membrane.
Ritalin (methylphenidate) – a stimulant used to treat ADHD; ReVia – an opioid antagonist primarily used in the management of alcohol dependence, opioid dependence or other impulse control/addictive behaviors such as habitual self-mutilation; Rexulti (brexpiprazole) – atypical antipsychotic used to treat mood and psychotic disorders