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Hydroquinone is a commonly used agent in skin whiteners. The European Union banned it from cosmetics in 2000. [9] It works by decreasing melanin production. [9] Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid, may be used to whiten specific areas. [6] It may be used in combination with steroids and hydroquinone. [6]
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C 6 H 4 (OH) 2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Hydroquinone is the compound most frequently used in skin-whitening products. Due to concerns about its side effects, it was almost banned by the FDA in 2006, as medical issues of carcinogenicity and reports of disfiguring ochronosis existed. [10] In the European Union hydroquinone has been banned in cosmetic creams since 2000. [11]
[17]: 12 Reintroduced as a dietary supplement in 2006; [17]: 13 in 2013 the FDA started work to ban it due to cardiovascular problems [18] Dinoprostone: 1990 UK Uterine hypotonus, fetal distress. [3] Dipyrone 1975 UK, US, Others Agranulocytosis, anaphylactic reactions. [3] Dithiazanine iodide: 1964 France, US
This wrinkly legume from South America underwent a recent boom in the fine-dining world due to its notes of vanilla, almond, and cinnamon, but it has actually been illegal in the U.S. since 1954.
Hydroquinone is used to reduce the activated silver ions to metallic silver. During this process, hydroquinone is oxidized to quinone. All silver halide not activated by light or reduced by hydroquinone is removed, leaving a negative by deposited silver where the film had been struck by light. [18]
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An active agent in brands of skin lightening preparations, it is more expensive than traditional skin lightening ingredients like hydroquinone, which is now banned in many countries. In vitro studies of human melanocytes exposed to arbutin at concentrations below 300 μg/mL reported decreased tyrosinase activity and melanin content with little ...