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[[Category:Signaling pathway templates]] to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of that page. Otherwise, add <noinclude>[[Category:Signaling pathway templates]]</noinclude> to the end of the template code, making sure it starts on the same line as the code's last character.
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression). [1] Interferon regulatory factors contain a conserved N-terminal region of about 120 amino acids, which folds into a structure that binds specifically to the IRF-element (IRF-E) motifs, which is located upstream of the interferon genes. [2]
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[27] [28] Reducing IFN-α activity may prevent signaling via STAT1, STAT2, or IRF9 (as with JEV infection) or through the JAK-STAT pathway (as with DEN-2 infection). [26] Several poxviruses encode soluble IFN receptor homologs—like the B18R protein of the vaccinia virus—that bind to and prevent IFN interacting with its cellular receptor ...
IRF5 is a direct transducer to interferon signaling and is activated via phosphorylation. [11] The IRF family can also initiate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by binding to transmembrane receptors that activate JAK. [12] IRFs, IFNs, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway work together to fight viral infections in mammals through specific signals. [13]
The stringent regulation of type I IFN signaling suggests the importance of timing and location. [5] Type I IFN signaling is controlled through various mechanisms, including differential expression of signaling components, [18] differential signaling following IFNAR engagement, [9] endocytosis and downregulation of the receptors.
IRF3 is a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. [5] IRF3 was originally discovered as a homolog of IRF1 and IRF2.IRF3 has been further characterized and shown to contain several functional domains including a nuclear export signal, a DNA-binding domain, a C-terminal IRF association domain and several regulatory phosphorylation sites. [6]
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