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Candle moulding machine in Indonesia circa 1920. Candle making was developed independently in a number of countries around the world. [1]Candles were primarily made from tallow and beeswax in Europe from the Roman period until the modern era, when spermaceti (from sperm whales) was used in the 18th and 19th centuries, [2] and purified animal fats and paraffin wax since the 19th century. [1]
[5] In New England, "rushlights were used little if at all in colonial days." [6] Rushlights should not be confused with rush-candles, although the latter word is attested for the same thing earlier in the 1590s. [7] A rush-candle is an ordinary candle (a block or cylinder of tallow or wax) that uses a piece of rush as a wick. [8]
The earliest street lights in the colonial America were oil lamps burning whale oil from the Greenland or Arctic right whales of the North Atlantic, or from sperm whales of the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and beyond. [1] [3] Lamplighters were responsible for igniting the lamps and maintaining them. [3]
Whether a separate office or not, the function was naturally an important one, in a time before electric light, and when production of candles was often done privately. It was closely connected with other offices of the household, such as the ewery and the scullery. [2] While this usage is obsolete today, the term can refer to a candle business.
The major battles took place in Europe, but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York, New England, and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). At the Albany Congress of 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense, expansion ...
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The American colonial diet varied depending on region, with local cuisine patterns established by the mid-18th century. A preference for British cooking methods is apparent in cookbooks brought to the New World. There was a general disdain for French cookery, even among the French Huguenots in South Carolina and French Canadians. [15]
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