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Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a multifactorial chronic degenerative process in which calcium with lipid is deposited in the annular fibrosa ring of the heart's mitral valve. MAC was first discovered and described in 1908 by M. Bonninger in the journal Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. [1]
Secondary mitral regurgitation is due to the dilatation of the left ventricle that causes stretching of the mitral valve annulus and displacement of the papillary muscles. This dilatation of the left ventricle can be due to any cause of dilated cardiomyopathy including aortic insufficiency , nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy , and ...
Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. [ citation needed ] In individuals having been offered mitral valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± 8% at 10 years after they were offered correction.
This test can also show leaflet calcification and the pressure gradient over the mitral valve. [32] Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area <1.5 cm 2. [8] Progressive mitral stenosis has a normal valve area but will have increased flow velocity across the mitral valve. [8]
Mitral regurgitation can also be caused by rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart tissue and lead to chronic rheumatic heart disease. The chronic inflammation leads to leaflet fibrosis, which makes it so that they don’t form a nice seal and instead let blood leak through.
The most used system to classify mitral valve regurgitation is Carpentier's classification, which separates mitral regurgitation into three types, depending on the leaflet motion in relation to the mitral annular plane: [9] Type I: the leaflets are moving normally; Type II: leaflet motion is excessive; Type III: leaflet movement is restricted. [8]
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