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Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active from the 1950s to the 1970s.He was the first to propose the five kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1969.
The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in nutrition ; his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs , his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs ...
1938 [5] [6] Whittaker 1969 [7] Woese et al. 1977 [8] [9] Woese et al. 1990 [10] Cavalier-Smith 1993 [11] [12] [13] Cavalier-Smith 1998 [14] [15] [16] Ruggiero et al. 2015 [17] — — 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 3 domains: 3 superkingdoms 2 empires: 2 superkingdoms: 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms — 4 kingdoms: 5 kingdoms: 6 kingdoms ...
The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy , introduced by Carl Woese in 1977, which reflects the evolutionary history of life, the organisms found in kingdom Monera have been divided into ...
[28] [194] This classification was the basis for Whittaker's later definition of Fungi, Animalia, Plantae and Protista as the four kingdoms of life. [ 195 ] In the popular five-kingdom scheme published by American plant ecologist Robert Whittaker in 1969, Protista was defined as eukaryotic "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular ...
For the Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) the rank kingdom has not been used till 2024 [115] (although some authors referred to phyla as kingdoms [73]). The category of kingdom was included into the Bacteriological Code in November 2023, [ 116 ] the first four proposals ( Bacillati , Fusobacteriati , Pseudomonadati , Thermotogati ) were ...
A woman accused by scam victims of crisscrossing the U.S. claiming to be an Irish heiress is expected to learn next month whether she will be extradited to the United Kingdom. Marianne Smyth, a 54 ...
Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use from the early 20th century until the establishment of the three-domain system (which itself is currently being challenged by the two-domain system).