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[2] [3] Furthermore, the technology is concerned with the creation of artificial animals or artificial people (or, at least, artificial creatures; see artificial life) so the discipline is of considerable interest to philosophers. [4] These factors contributed to the emergence of the philosophy of artificial intelligence.
The ethics of artificial intelligence covers a broad range of topics within the field that are considered to have particular ethical stakes. [1] This includes algorithmic biases, fairness, automated decision-making, accountability, privacy, and regulation.
Using widely held beliefs about everyday objects, or common sense knowledge, AI systems make common sense assumptions or default assumptions about the unknown similar to the way people do. In an AI system or in English, this is expressed as "Normally P holds", "Usually P" or "Typically P so Assume P".
These "applied AI" systems are now used extensively throughout the technology industry, and research in this vein is heavily funded in both academia and industry. As of 2018 [update] , development in this field was considered an emerging trend, and a mature stage was expected to be reached in more than 10 years.
The ability to predict (or anticipate) foreseeable events is considered important for artificial intelligence by Igor Aleksander. [45] The emergentist multiple drafts principle proposed by Daniel Dennett in Consciousness Explained may be useful for prediction: it involves the evaluation and selection of the most appropriate "draft" to fit the ...
Book cover of the 1979 paperback edition. Hubert Dreyfus was a critic of artificial intelligence research. In a series of papers and books, including Alchemy and AI, What Computers Can't Do (1972; 1979; 1992) and Mind over Machine, he presented a pessimistic assessment of AI's progress and a critique of the philosophical foundations of the field.
Mitchell describes the fears her mentor, cognitive scientist and AI pioneer Douglas Hofstadter, has expressed that advances of artificial intelligence could turn human beings into "relics". [4] Mitchell offers examples of AI systems like Watson that are trained to master specific tasks, and points out that such computers lack the general ...
[4] Researchers in the United Kingdom had been exploring "machine intelligence" for up to ten years prior to the founding of the field of artificial intelligence research in 1956. [5] It was a common topic among the members of the Ratio Club, an informal group of British cybernetics and electronics researchers that included Alan Turing. Turing ...
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