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A shiv, also chiv, schiv, shivvie or shank, [1] [2] is a handcrafted bladed weapon resembling a knife that is commonly associated with prison inmates. Since weapons are prohibited in prisons, the intended mode of concealment is central to a shiv's construction.
Robert Magnus Martinson (May 19, 1927 – August 11, 1979) was an American sociologist, whose 1974 study "What Works?", concerning the shortcomings of existing prisoner rehabilitation programs, was highly influential, creating what became known as the "nothing works" doctrine. [1]
The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil is a 2007 book which includes professor Philip Zimbardo's first detailed, written account of the events surrounding the 1971 Stanford prison experiment (SPE) – a prison simulation study which had to be discontinued after only six days due to several distressing outcomes and mental breaks of the participants.
Shank (footwear), part of a shoe or boot; Shank (sewing), a spacing device; Shank (weapon), a makeshift knife or stabbing weapon; Lead shank, a type of lead used for horses; Tang (tools), the back portion of the blade component of a tool; Drill bit shank, the non-cutting end of a drill bit; Sheepshank, a knot used to shorten a rope
The sociology of punishment seeks to understand why and how we punish. Punishment involves the intentional infliction of pain and/or the deprivation of rights and liberties. . Sociologists of punishment usually examine state-sanctioned acts in relation to law-breaking; for instance, why citizens give consent to the legitimation of acts of viole
Christie was appointed to the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo from 1959, and was a professor of criminology at the faculty from 1966. A prolific writer, Christie was the author of several books including Pinens begrensning (Limits to Pain) from 1981, which has been translated into eleven languages, Crime Control as Industry (2000) and A Suitable Amount of Crime (2004).
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Hooding is the placing of a hood over the entire head of a prisoner. [1] Hooding is widely considered to be a form of torture; one legal scholar considers the hooding of prisoners to be a violation of international law, specifically the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions, which demand that persons under custody or physical control of enemy forces be treated humanely.