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Nitroso compounds present in stool do not induce nitrosamine formation, because stool has neutral pH. [7] [8] Stomach acid catalyzes nitrosamine compound formation and is the main location of the reaction during digestion. [9] The formation process is inhibited when amine concentration is low (e.g. a low-protein diet or no fermented food).
Nitroso compounds present in stool do not induce nitrosamine formation, because stool has neutral pH. [23] [24] Stomach acid catalyzes nitrosamine compound formation and is the main location of the reaction during digestion. [25] The formation process is inhibited when amine concentration is low (e.g. a low-protein diet or no fermented food).
Generally, people should not be exposed to a lifetime risk of cancer exceeding 1 in 100,000 from nitrosamines in their medicines. [12] EU regulators first became aware of nitrosamines in medicines in mid-2018, and took regulatory actions, including recalling medicines and stopping the use of active substances from certain manufacturers. [12]
An alternative possible formation of diazonium and carbenium ions is through the enzymatic reaction of nitrosamines. [ 5 ] Typical accompanying symptoms during the medical cancer treatment via N -nitroso ureas are the impairment of bone marrow (damage of the stem cell compartment), lymphatic tissue and the gastrointestinal tract.
Among the tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are the most carcinogenic. [1] Others include N ′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB). NNK and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are potent systemic lung carcinogens in rats ...
The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely clear in humans. NMOR and its metabolites may induce DNA damage by directly forming reactive oxygen species or compounds which crosslink DNA. In a rat model in 2013, it was observed that NMOR is hydroxylated, probably by a P450 enzyme, alpha to the N-nitroso moiety. [17]
Indeed, (meta)stable nitrosation products (alkyl nitrites or nitrosamines) can also nitrosate under such conditions; and the equilibria can be driven in any desired direction. Absent a driving force, thionitrosos form out of nitrosamines, which form out of nitrite esters, which form out of nitrous acid. [3]
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